SO FAR, UP TO NOW, UNTIL NOW

• He has mended many cars so far/up till now.

OVER/IN/DURING THE PAST/LAST FEW YEARS ETC

• Prices have fallen sharply over the past six months.
• I’ve met a lot of people in the last few days.

TODAY, THIS MORNING/WEEK/YEAR ETC.

• I’ve written three letters this morning.
• Ron hasn’t worked very hard this term.

EVER-NEVER [1]

• “Have you ever eaten caviar? (in your life)” “No, never.”

Compare (simple past-present perfect)

ü       “Ever” ve “never” simple past ile geçmişteki alışkanlık için kullanırlar.

• Did you ever go to the cinema? [simple past] (Hiç sinemaya gider miydiniz?)
• When he was young, he never bothered too much about his appearance. [simple past] (Gençken asla görüntüsüyle bu kadar uğraşmazdı.)

extra

1. not ever & never: hiç bir zaman, asla, hiç

      Nothing ever happens here. (Burada hiçbirşey asla olmaz)

      Don’t you ever get tired? (Hiç yorulmaz mısın?)

      I’ll never ever do that again! [informal] (Bunu bir daha asla yapmayacağım)

1. ever: herhangi bir zaman

      If you’re ever in Miami, come and see us? (Eğer bir vakit Miami’ye gelirsen, gelip bizi gör)

1. ever: her zaman

      He said he would love her for ever.

      She married the prince and they lived happily ever after.

      Paul, ever the optimist, agreed to try again.

LATELY

• Have you seen Robert lately? (not Did you)

with different tense

• She had lately returned from India. [2]
• [past perfect]
• It is only lately that she has been well enough to go out. (Ancak son zamanlarda dışarı çıkabilecek kadar iyi oldu)

RECENTLY

• A new school has recently opened in New Road. [present perfect] [mid position]
• Have you used this computer recently? [present perfect]

with different tense

• I saw Dave recently. [simple past]

BEFORE

• Nothing like this has happened before. [before=before now] [present perfect]

with different tense

• Why didn’t you ask me before? [before=before then] [simple past]

FOR

• He has been abroad for 8 years. [for+time]

compare

• I have studied on this major since 1997. [since +date/event]
• I have studied on this major for 5 years. [for+time/period itself]

with different tense

• He worked for this factory for 8 years. [simple past]

extra

• We must begin planning now, for the future may bring unexpected changes. [for=because] [başta yer almaz][3]

ALREADY

• The cease-fire has already been violated. (Ateşkes çoktan/zaten/halihazırda ihlal edildi) [Pre. Perfect]

with different tense

• The film had already begun by the time we got to the cinema. (Sinemaya gittiğimizde film çoktan/zaten başlamıştı) [Past Perfect]
• Shall I tell Liz the news or does she already know? [Present]

SINCE

• He has been in Çanakkale since 1996. [since + date]
• I met Freddie in June and I haven’t seen him since (then) [since / since then]
• They haven’t quarreled since they left school. [present perfect +since+ simple past]
• “They’ve split up.” “Since when?”
• They were divorced three years ago, and she has since remarried. [mid position]
• The original building has long since been demolished. [mid position]

with different tense

• Since I’ve lived here, I haven’t seen my neighbours. [present perfect+since+present perfect] [ender; ancak since-cümlecik ve ana cümle eylemi şu anda devam ediyorsa kullanılabilir][4]
• Since the party she had only spoken him once. [past perfect +since+any date/event][5]

extra

• Since when did he ever listen to me? (Ne zaman beni dinledi ki?)[kızgınlık]
• We thought that, since we were in the area, we would stop by and see them. [since=because]

note

1. Aşağıdaki durumda “since” zaman bağlacından önceki cümle present iken sonraki cümle past veya present perfect olabilir. Bazıları since-cümlesinin present perfect olmasını doğru kabul etmez.

• It is five years since I last saw Murat. [It is ... time since + simple past]
• How long is it since we last went to the theatre? [It is ... time since + simple past]
• It is five years since I have seen Murat. [It is ... time since + present perfect]

YET

1. I haven’t made up my mind yet.[6] (Henüz karar vermedim). [Pre. Perfect]
2. We have yet to decide what action to take. =We haven’t decided what action to take yet. [have yet to do=haven’t done yet][7]

with different tense

• I’m hungry. Is dinner ready yet? (Açım, yemek henüz/hala hazır değil mi?) [present]

extra

1. NOW

a) şimdi, daha, henüz

      Don’t go yet? (Daha/şimdi gitme?)

      We don’t need to start yet. (Şimdi/daha/henüz başlamamız gerekmiyor)

b) hala, daha, henüz

      There is time yet. (Hala/daha/henüz vakit var)

      He is yet a child. (Hala/daha/henüz çocuk)

1. NEVERTHELESS, BUT

a) eninde sonunda

      We’ll go there yet. (Eninde sonunda oraya gideceğiz)

b) ama

      It is strange, yet true. (Garip ama gerçek)

      He's overweight and bald, (and) yet somehow, he's incredibly attractive.[8]

1. MORE

Yet another diet book. (Yeni bir diyet kitabı daha)

      Snow, snow and yet more snow (kar kar ve hala kar)

STILL

• I still haven’t reached my aim. [Pre. Perfect] [before a negative auxiliary verb][9]
• I haven’t still reached my aim. [YANLIŞ]

with different tense

1. You are still talking. [present continuous]
2. Jack lost his job a year ago and is still unemployed. [Present]
3. Although he promised to come, I still didn’t think he would.[simple past]

compare

• I wrote to him last week. He hasn’t replied yet. [Hala  yanıt bekliyorum]
• I wrote to him months ago and he still hasn’t replied. [şu ana kadar cevap yazmalıydı]

extra

• “Still” aynı zamanda Sessiz, sakin, kımıldamayan, durgun vs anlamında sıfattır ve zarftır.

      Still water (durgun su)  

      a still summer’s day (rüzgarsız bir yaz günü)

      the still of the night (gecenin sessizliği)

      Still water runs deep. (Durgun su derin akar; yumuşak atın çiftesi pek olur)

      Do you sit still please? (Lütfen biraz sakince oturur musun?)